Memory phase: an update and commentary.
This article is an update of a previous article published in 2002 that presented memory phase in the context of emerging research on mental time travel. We now review the growing body of literature that has described novel qualities of the memory phase, including the emergence of episodic memories, the formation of multiple memories, the presence of unique memory elements, and the fading of memory traces over time. We also review research that has examined factors associated with the memory phase. For example, we present the results of research on the timing and age of occurrence of the memory phase, and the influence of various personal and social factors on the memory phase, including the factors of mood, experience, motivation, and energy. This review includes a discussion of research on the memory phase of perception and imagination, particularly in the context of alternate theories of mental time travel. We conclude by summarizing the current state of knowledge about the memory phase and identifying areas for future research.The spectrum of dermatologic disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease: is there an association?
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for dermatologic manifestations. The authors reviewed their experience with dermatologic disease in IBD patients. A retrospective chart review of all patients seen at the Dermatology Clinic at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from 2000 to 2010 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups: IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis) and control group (patients with other dermatologic conditions). Analyses included patient characteristics, initial skin disease presentation, initial treatment, relapse rate, and whether the initial skin disease was a manifestation of the underlying IBD. Of 1,125 patients with IBD, 145 had a total of 190 skin disease presentations. The most common conditions seen were psoriasis (42.8%), pyoderma gangrenosum (32.3%), and acne (21.6%). Nearly half of all patients with pyoderma gangrenosum or acne had IBD. The authors noted that some patients did not have IBD, but had other systemic inflammatory diseases. It is important to understand that many patients with IBD will have associated skin disease. Dermatologists should be aware of these potential associations and to take a careful and thorough history to determine if the patient has IBD.Cognitive Functioning of Older Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) ac619d1d87
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